To determine the effect of a low-carb diet (40 g/day) on body weight, glycemic control, ketone production and lipid levels in subjects with and without T2D.
40
2007
1
To determine the effect of a low-carb diet (40 g/day) on body weight, glycemic control, ketone production and lipid levels in subjects with and without T2D.
N
22
"Targets E: none Carb: ≤40g/day Protein: none Fat: limit saturated fat and use MUFA (eat lean meats) Advised to consume each day at least 200 ml of milk, 4–5 portions of fruit/vegs (mainly low-carb vegetables such as salads and green leafy vegetables). Intake E: 1313kcal/d Carb: 56.8g/d; 17.3%E Protein: 97.2g/d; 31.1%E Fat: 69.3g/d; 46.2%E"
"Healthy eating diet (UK diabetes diet) E: reduce 500kcal/d Carb: 5 portions fruit/veg; low glycemic index diet Protein: none Fat: Reduce total fat and saturated fat Reported intake E: 1593kcal/d Carb: 167.3g/d; 39.3%E Protein: 79.5g/d; 19.8%E Fat: 62.7g/d; 34.4%E"
Primary: weight, BMI, HbA1c, lipids, ketones
Weight loss and BMI reductions were greater with the LC diet, but outcomes for lipids and HbA1c were similar between diet groups.
NR
*
*
"WG: NR BG: N BG NSS "
*
0
"WG: NR BG: N BG NSS "
*
0
"All subjects, those with T2D, those without WG: NR BG: N BG NSS "
*
0
"All subjects, those with T2D, those without WG: NR BG: N BG NSS"
*
0
"All subjects, those with T2D, those without WG: NR BG: N BG NSS"
*
0
*
*
"Weight & BMI WG: NR BG: Y All subjects LC: -6.9 kg HE: -2.1 kg BG SS p=0.003 Subjects with T2D LC: -8.0kg HE: -0.8kg SS NR Subjects without diabetes LC: -5.8kg HE: -2.8kg SS NR BMI All subjects LC: -2.7 HE: -0.8 BG SS p=0.001 Subjects with T2D LC: -3.1 HE: -0.1 SS NR Subjects without diabetes LC: -2.2 HE: -1.1 SS NR "
*
1
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
NR
NR
Ketones: BG NSS at end of study
"""In conclusion, there is evidence to support the hypothesis that LC diets may confer greater benefit in terms of weight loss compared with healthy-eating advice, and are not dangerous in the short term for people with and without T2D. Little is known about the long-term effects of these diets, and this present study is subject to post-study monitoring for 2 years with intention to report annual data."" "
Abbreviations:
AHA - American Heart Association;
ALT - alanine aminotransferase;
AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range;
AST - aspartate aminotransferase;
BG - between study groups;
BHOB - beta-hydroxybutyrate;
DBP - diastolic blood pressure;
E- energy, caloric intake;
eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate;
FBG - fasting blood glucose;
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase;
HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
iGFR - isotope glomerurar filtration rate;
LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
NAFLD - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NR - not reported (or data needed for calculation not available);
N - no;
NA - not applicable;
NS - not specified;
NSS - not statistically significant;
SBP - systolic blood pressure;
SS - statistically significant;
TG - triglyceride;
total C - total cholesterol;
V - varied, mixed;
WG - within a study group;
WMD - weighted mean difference;
Y - yes
Number of People in Studies:
3,296 Enrolled in randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
2,626 Completed randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
79.67% 82% completion of studies
Duration of Trial
<6 Months
6-9 Months
1 -2 years
>2 years
# of Trials
36
6
9s
1