Long-term effects of a very low carbohydrate compared with a high carbohydrate diet on renal function in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. J Tay, CH Thompson, ND Luscombe-Marsh et al.
33
2015
"Long-term effects of a very low carbohydrate compared with a high carbohydrate diet on renal function in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. J Tay, CH Thompson, ND Luscombe-Marsh et al. Medicine 2015 Nov;94(47). See also Tay et al 2015 above."
Australia
1
To compare the long-term effects of a very low carbohydrate, high-protein, low saturated fat (LC) diet with a traditional high unrefined carbohydrate, lowfat (HC) diet on markers of renal function in obese adults with T2D but without overt kidney disease
115
68
14%
50
12 months
Y
"Enrolled: 115 overweight/obese (mean BMI=34.6) adults with T2D. 57% male. Age: 35-68 years. Mean age: 58 years. Mean HbA1c: 7.3. Completed: 68 (59.1%)"
68
Exercise plus diet intervention with supports: individual biweekly meetings with dietician met individually for 12 weeks and monthly thereafter (dietary advice and instruction on the eating plan and reporting requirements). Subjects supplied key foods (30% total E) for 12 weeks and key foods or food voucher thereafter. Free exercise class (60 min, 3d/week).
Y
"Targets Carb: 14%E; goal - <50g/d Protein: 28%E Fat: 58%E; 35%E MUFA, 13%E PUFA Saturated fat: <10%E Intake: NR"
"Target: 14% Intake: NR"
"Target: 58% Intake: NR"
"High-carb diet Targets Carb: 53%E; emphasis - low-glycemic index foods Protein: 17%E Fat: <30%E; 15%E MUFA, 9%E PUFA Saturated fat: <10%E Dietary intake not reported"
"Primary: Measures of renal function - albumin excretion rate (AER) - creatinine clearance (CrC) - estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) - serum creatinine (SCr) Secondary: weight, blood pressure"
"SS and p values reported BG only Reductions in weight and blood pressure were BG NSS. Over time, SCr increased in both groups while eGFR, CrCl and AER decreased, BG NSS."
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
*
*
"WG: NR BG: N LC: -9.8kg HC: -10.1kg BG NSS"
*
0
"WG: NR BG: N LC: -7.1mmHg HC: -5.8 BG NSS"
*
0
"WG: NR BG: N LC: -6.2mmHg HC: --6.4 BG NSS"
*
0
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
"SCr, urinary albumin, AER, eGFR WG: NR BG: N BG NSS "
"Similar between groups: LC: 70.7% HC: 64.9%"
"E-matched, hypocaloric LC and HC diets had similar effects on markers for renal function in people with T2D without diabetic kidney disease over 12 months. ""...consumption of a LC weight loss diet does not adversely affect renal function in such populations. Longer-term follow-up studies are required..."""
Abbreviations:
AHA - American Heart Association;
ALT - alanine aminotransferase;
AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range;
AST - aspartate aminotransferase;
BG - between study groups;
BHOB - beta-hydroxybutyrate;
DBP - diastolic blood pressure;
E- energy, caloric intake;
eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate;
FBG - fasting blood glucose;
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase;
HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
iGFR - isotope glomerurar filtration rate;
LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
NAFLD - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NR - not reported (or data needed for calculation not available);
N - no;
NA - not applicable;
NS - not specified;
NSS - not statistically significant;
SBP - systolic blood pressure;
SS - statistically significant;
TG - triglyceride;
total C - total cholesterol;
V - varied, mixed;
WG - within a study group;
WMD - weighted mean difference;
Y - yes
Number of People in Studies:
3,296 Enrolled in randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
2,626 Completed randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
79.67% 82% completion of studies
Duration of Trial
<6 Months
6-9 Months
1 -2 years
>2 years
# of Trials
36
6
9s
1