Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation.
28
2008
"Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation. CE Forsythe, SD Phinney, ML Fernandez et al. Lipids. 2008 Jan;43(1):65-77. Epub 2007 Nov 29. "
US
1
"Abnormal distribution of plasma fatty acids and increased inflammation are prominent features of metabolic syndrome. Aim: to test whether these components of metabolic syndrome, like dyslipidemia and glycemia, are responsive to carbohydrate restriction, by comparing a very low-carb ketogenic (VLCK) diet vs a low-fat (LF) diet."
40
UK
12%
45
12 wks
N
40
"Targets E: no restriction Carb: low enough to induce mild ketosis Protein: no restriction Fat: no restriction Intake E: 1504kcal/d Carb: 44.8g/d; 12.4%E Protein: 104.8g/d; 28.1%E Fat: 100.2g/d; 58.9% "
"Targets E: no restriction Carb: ~55%E Protein: ~20%E Fat: ~25%E Saturated fat: <10%E Intake E: 1478kcal/d Carb: 208.3g/d; 55.8%E Protein: 71.5g/d; 19.6%E Fat: 40.0g/d; 23.8% "
Primary: inflammatory markers; fatty acid composition
The VLCK diet resulted in profound alterations in fatty acid composition and reduced inflammation compared to the LF diet.
"WG: NR BG: Y Values NR"
*
1
"20 biomarkers WG: Y BG: Y Both diets led to improvement on some markers but there was ""overall a greater anti-inflammatory effect associated with the VLCK diet ..."" "
1
1
NA
NR
"Total saturated fatty acids and 16:1n-7 were consistently decreased following the VLCKD."
"""In summary, a very low carbohydrate diet resulted in profound alterations in fatty acid composition and reduced inflammation compared to a low fat diet."" "
Abbreviations:
AHA - American Heart Association;
ALT - alanine aminotransferase;
AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range;
AST - aspartate aminotransferase;
BG - between study groups;
BHOB - beta-hydroxybutyrate;
DBP - diastolic blood pressure;
E- energy, caloric intake;
eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate;
FBG - fasting blood glucose;
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase;
HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
iGFR - isotope glomerurar filtration rate;
LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
NAFLD - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NR - not reported (or data needed for calculation not available);
N - no;
NA - not applicable;
NS - not specified;
NSS - not statistically significant;
SBP - systolic blood pressure;
SS - statistically significant;
TG - triglyceride;
total C - total cholesterol;
V - varied, mixed;
WG - within a study group;
WMD - weighted mean difference;
Y - yes
Number of People in Studies:
3,296 Enrolled in randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
2,626 Completed randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
79.67% 82% completion of studies
Duration of Trial
<6 Months
6-9 Months
1 -2 years
>2 years
# of Trials
36
6
9s
1