Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inﬂammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet.

Study Number: 51

Year: 2014

Study Citation: "Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inﬂammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet. L Jonasson, H Guldbrand, AK Lundberg, et al. Annals of Medicine 2014 May;46(3):182-7. "

Link to Study: View Study

Country: Sweden

Study Design(COUNTRY 1=RCT 2= Systematic Review 3=Non-randomized controlled 4= single arm 5= post hoc analysis 6=Non-systematic review 7. Network meta-analysis 8=other 9 follow up to study): 1

Study background and AIM: To investigate the effects of diet on inflammation in T2D by comparing a traditional LF diet with a LC diet.

Enrolled: 61

Completed: 61

Carb %: 25%

Carb/day: 82

Study Duration: 6 months

6 Months or longer: Y

Number of subjects and analysis: 61

Low-carb diet arm: "Targets E: women 1600kcal/d; men 1800kcal/d Carb: 20%E Protein: none Fat: none Intake: E: 1384kcal/d Carb: 25%E; 82g/d Protein: 23%E Fat: 49%E"

Comparison diet ARM(S): "LF diet E: women 1600kcal/d; men 1800kcal/d Carb: 55-60%E Protein: none Fat: 30%E Intake E: 1553kcal/d Carb: 49%E, 182g/d Protein: 20%E Fat: 29%E"

Outcomes Studied: "Primary: markers for inflammation, HbA1c, weight "

Result Summary: At 6 months: Both groups showed a SS reduction in BMI, and the BG difference was NSS. The LC group had a SS reduction in HbA1c and SS increase in HDL-C, but neither was SS BG. Levels for IL-Ra and Il-6 were SS lower in the LC group than in the LF group.

Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance: NR

Insulin Receptor Improvement WG sig: *

Insulin Receptor Improvement BG sig: *

Inflammation: "C-reactive protein WG: N BG: N BG NSS Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist WG: Y BG: Y IL-6 WG: N BG: Y Increased SS in LF group Tumor necrosis factor R1 WG: N BG: B BG NSS Tumor necrosis factor R2 WG: N BG: N BG NSS IL-1β and TNF: below detectable levels in all subjects "

CRP WG sig: 0

CRP BG sig: 0

Diabetes Medication Use: NR

Safety Adverse Events: NR

Study Author's Conclusions: The LC and LF diets had similar effects on weight reduction while effects on inflammation differed. Only LC diet SS improved inflammation in T2D.

Abbreviations:

AHA - American Heart Association;

ALT - alanine aminotransferase;

AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range;

AST - aspartate aminotransferase;

BG - between study groups;

BHOB - beta-hydroxybutyrate;

DBP - diastolic blood pressure;

E- energy, caloric intake;

eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate;

FBG - fasting blood glucose;

GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase;

HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;

iGFR - isotope glomerurar filtration rate;

LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;

NAFLD - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;

NR - not reported (or data needed for calculation not available);

N - no;

NA - not applicable;

NS - not specified;

NSS - not statistically significant;

SBP - systolic blood pressure;

SS - statistically significant;

TG - triglyceride;

total C - total cholesterol;

V - varied, mixed;

WG - within a study group;

WMD - weighted mean difference;

Y - yes

Number of People in Studies:

3,296 Enrolled in randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates

2,626 Completed randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates

79.67% 82% completion of studies

Duration of Trial

<6 Months

6-9 Months

1 -2 years

>2 years

Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inﬂammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet.

Abbreviations:

Number of People in Studies:

Duration of Trial

# of Trials

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