Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet.
51
2014
"Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet. L Jonasson, H Guldbrand, AK Lundberg, et al. Annals of Medicine 2014 May;46(3):182-7. "
Sweden
1
To investigate the effects of diet on inflammation in T2D by comparing a traditional LF diet with a LC diet.
61
61
25%
82
6 months
Y
"Enrolled n=61 All had T2D Mean age: early 60s Most male T2D Diabetes diagnosis: ~9 yrs 100% completed"
61
"Diet intervention comparing LC and LF diets for 2 years.Dietician met periodically with each diet group, provided recipes and was available to answer questions throughout study. Total E same for both arms (1600 calories for women and 1800 for men). "
Y
"Targets E: women 1600kcal/d; men 1800kcal/d Carb: 20%E Protein: none Fat: none Intake: E: 1384kcal/d Carb: 25%E; 82g/d Protein: 23%E Fat: 49%E"
"Target: 20% Intake: 25%"
"Target: none Intake: 49%"
"LF diet E: women 1600kcal/d; men 1800kcal/d Carb: 55-60%E Protein: none Fat: 30%E Intake E: 1553kcal/d Carb: 49%E, 182g/d Protein: 20%E Fat: 29%E"
"Primary: markers for inflammation, HbA1c, weight "
At 6 months: Both groups showed a SS reduction in BMI, and the BG difference was NSS. The LC group had a SS reduction in HbA1c and SS increase in HDL-C, but neither was SS BG. Levels for IL-Ra and Il-6 were SS lower in the LC group than in the LF group.
NR
*
*
"WG: Y BG: N WG NSS in LF diet LC diet baseline → 6 months 57mmol/mol→53 SS WG, p<0.01 BG NSS"
1
0
"WG: N BG: N WG NSS also in LF diet BG NSS"
0
0
"WG: Y BG: N WG NSS in LF diet LC baseline → 6 months 1.1mmol/L→1.2 SS WG, p<0.05 BG NSS"
1
0
"WG: N BG: N WG NSS also in LF diet BG NSS"
0
0
"WG: N BG: N WG NSS also in LF diet BG NSS"
0
0
*
*
"BMI and weight WG: Y BG: N BG NSS Both groups resulted in 2 pt reduction in BMI SS WG, p<0.001 BG NSS Weight loss (~4kg both groups) BG NSS"
1
0
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
"C-reactive protein WG: N BG: N BG NSS Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist WG: Y BG: Y IL-6 WG: N BG: Y Increased SS in LF group Tumor necrosis factor R1 WG: N BG: B BG NSS Tumor necrosis factor R2 WG: N BG: N BG NSS IL-1β and TNF: below detectable levels in all subjects "
0
0
NR
NR
The LC and LF diets had similar effects on weight reduction while effects on inflammation differed. Only LC diet SS improved inflammation in T2D.
Abbreviations:
AHA - American Heart Association;
ALT - alanine aminotransferase;
AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range;
AST - aspartate aminotransferase;
BG - between study groups;
BHOB - beta-hydroxybutyrate;
DBP - diastolic blood pressure;
E- energy, caloric intake;
eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate;
FBG - fasting blood glucose;
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase;
HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
iGFR - isotope glomerurar filtration rate;
LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
NAFLD - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NR - not reported (or data needed for calculation not available);
N - no;
NA - not applicable;
NS - not specified;
NSS - not statistically significant;
SBP - systolic blood pressure;
SS - statistically significant;
TG - triglyceride;
total C - total cholesterol;
V - varied, mixed;
WG - within a study group;
WMD - weighted mean difference;
Y - yes
Number of People in Studies:
3,296 Enrolled in randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
2,626 Completed randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
79.67% 82% completion of studies
Duration of Trial
<6 Months
6-9 Months
1 -2 years
>2 years
# of Trials
36
6
9s
1