Abnormal distribution of plasma fatty acids and increased inflammation are prominent features of metabolic syndrome.
28
2008
1
"Abnormal distribution of plasma fatty acids and increased inflammation are prominent features of metabolic syndrome. Aim: to test whether these components of metabolic syndrome, like dyslipidemia and glycemia, are responsive to carbohydrate restriction, by comparing a very low-carb ketogenic (VLCK) diet vs a low-fat (LF) diet."
N
40
"Targets E: no restriction Carb: low enough to induce mild ketosis Protein: no restriction Fat: no restriction Intake E: 1504kcal/d Carb: 44.8g/d; 12.4%E Protein: 104.8g/d; 28.1%E Fat: 100.2g/d; 58.9% "
"Targets E: no restriction Carb: ~55%E Protein: ~20%E Fat: ~25%E Saturated fat: <10%E Intake E: 1478kcal/d Carb: 208.3g/d; 55.8%E Protein: 71.5g/d; 19.6%E Fat: 40.0g/d; 23.8% "
Primary: inflammatory markers; fatty acid composition
The VLCK diet resulted in profound alterations in fatty acid composition and reduced inflammation compared to the LF diet.
"WG: Y BG: Y Values NR"
1
1
NR
*
*
"Total C WG: NR BG: N Total C:HDL-C ratio WG: NR BG: Y Values NR"
*
0
98mg/dL→92
*
*
WG: NR BG: N
*
0
"WG: NR BG: Y Values NR"
*
1
*
*
"Weight, body fat WG: Y BG: Y Values NR"
1
1
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
NR
*
*
"WG: NR BG: Y Values NR"
*
1
"20 biomarkers WG: Y BG: Y Both diets led to improvement on some markers but there was ""overall a greater anti-inflammatory effect associated with the VLCK diet ..."" "
1
1
NA
NR
"Total saturated fatty acids and 16:1n-7 were consistently decreased following the VLCKD."
"""In summary, a very low carbohydrate diet resulted in profound alterations in fatty acid composition and reduced inflammation compared to a low fat diet."" "
Abbreviations:
AHA - American Heart Association;
ALT - alanine aminotransferase;
AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range;
AST - aspartate aminotransferase;
BG - between study groups;
BHOB - beta-hydroxybutyrate;
DBP - diastolic blood pressure;
E- energy, caloric intake;
eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate;
FBG - fasting blood glucose;
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase;
HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
iGFR - isotope glomerurar filtration rate;
LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
NAFLD - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NR - not reported (or data needed for calculation not available);
N - no;
NA - not applicable;
NS - not specified;
NSS - not statistically significant;
SBP - systolic blood pressure;
SS - statistically significant;
TG - triglyceride;
total C - total cholesterol;
V - varied, mixed;
WG - within a study group;
WMD - weighted mean difference;
Y - yes
Number of People in Studies:
3,296 Enrolled in randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
2,626 Completed randomized controlled trials on 25% or less carbohydrates
79.67% 82% completion of studies
Duration of Trial
<6 Months
6-9 Months
1 -2 years
>2 years
# of Trials
36
6
9s
1